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バプーオン（Baphuon, クメール語: ប្រាសាទបាពួន）は、カンボジアのアンコール遺跡にある寺院の1つ。アンコール・トムにあるバイヨンの北西に位置する。11世紀中頃、ヒンドゥー教の神シヴァに捧げられ、ウダヤーディチャヴァルマン2世 (Udayadityavarman II) の国家的寺院として築かれた3層からなるピラミッド型寺院である。バプーオン様式の原型となる。寺院は、王宮の周壁の南側に隣接し、その基盤は東西120メートル、南北100メートルにおよび、高さは34メートルであるが、およそ50メートルの高さとなる塔があったとされる。明らかに特徴のある外観は、元の皇帝、成宗の13世紀末の使節であった周達觀 (Chou Ta-Kuan) が1296年から1297年にかけて訪問し、「銅塔一座があり、金塔（バイヨン[1]、高さ45メートル[2]）に比べて更に高く、これを望めば鬱然としてその下にはまた石室が十数ある[3]」と述べている。15世紀後期、バプーオンは仏教寺院に改められ、長さ70メートル、高さ9メートルの涅槃仏像が西側の第2層に建造されたが、おそらくそれには以前8メートル以上におよんだ塔を取り壊す必要があったことを、現在その塔がない理由とする。バプーオン寺院は砂に覆われた用地に建造され、またその巨大な規模によって、その立地は寺院の歴史を通して不安定であった。大部分はおそらく寝釈迦像が付け加えられた頃にはすでに崩壊していた。
The Baphuon (Khmer: ប្រាសាទបាពួន) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia. It is located in Angkor Thom, northwest of the Bayon. Built in the mid-11th century, it is a three-tiered temple mountain built as the state temple of Udayadityavarman II[1]:103 dedicated to the Hindu God Shiva. It is the archetype of the Baphuon style. The temple adjoins the southern enclosure of the royal palace and measures 120 metres east-west by 100 metres north-south at its base and stands 34 meters tall without its tower, which would have made it roughly 50 meters tall. Its appearance apparently impressed Temür Khan’s late 13th century envoy Chou Ta-kuan during his visit from 1296 to 1297, who said it was ‘the Tower of Bronze…a truly astonishing spectacle, with more than ten chambers at its base.’ In the late 15th century, the Baphuon was converted to a Buddhist temple. A 9 meter tall by 70 meter long statue of a reclining Buddha was built on the west side’s second level, which probably required the demolition of the 8 meter tower above, thus explaining its current absence. The temple was built on land filled with sand, and due to its immense size the site was unstable throughout its history. Large portions had probably already collapsed by the time the Buddha was added. By the 20th century, much of the temple had largely collapsed, and restoration efforts have since proven problematic: a first effort begun in 1960 was interrupted by the coming to power of the Khmer Rouge, and records of the positions of the stones were lost. A second attempt started in 1995 by a team of French-led archeologists as of 2005 was still ongoing, restricting visitor access. As of November 2010, partial visitor access was once again allowed, though not to the central structure. In April 2011, after 51 years, the archaeologists finished the restoration of the temple. King Norodom Sihamoni of Cambodia and Prime Minister Francois Fillon of France were among those who first toured the renovated temple during the inauguration ceremony on July 3, 2011.[2]
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